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East Asian Regionalism Contents LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE 1 East Asia and regionalism: an introduction 1.1 East Asia: an emerging region within the global system 1.2 Regionalism: key concepts and definitions 1.3 Studying regionalism: classic regionalism and new regionalism theories 1.4 Regionalism in the international system 1.4.1 Regionalism and globalisation 1.4.2 Regional economic organisations and frameworks 1.4.3 The security and geopolitical dimensions of East Asian regionalism 1.5 International political economy theories and regionalism 1.5.1 The usefulness of international political economy analysis 1.5.2 Applying key IPE theories and concepts to the study of regionalism 1.6 Conclusion 2 East Asia's regionalisation and new economic geography 2.1 Introduction 2.2 East Asia's regionalisation in historic context 2.3 Recent trends in East Asia's regional trade 2.4 The rise of international production networks in East Asia 2.4.1 What are international production networks (IPNs)? 2.4.2 East Asia in focus 2.4.3 Types of IPN in East Asia 2.4.4 Industry-specific perspectives 2.5 East Asia's regionalisation: zonal--network dimensions xi xiv xviii 1 2 6 8 16 16 17 22 26 26 27 37 39 40 40 43 46 46 47 49 58 59 2.5.1 Industrial districts and agglomerated zonal development 2.5.2 East Asia's world cities, regional infrastructure networks and regionalisation 2.5.3 Growth polygon zones in East Asia 2.5.4 East Asia's pan-regional development corridor 2.6 Conclusion 2.6.1 Summary overview 2.6.2 IPE theoretical analysis 3 ASEAN and Southeast Asia 3.1 Southeast Asia: an introduction 3.2 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 3.3 The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) 3.4 The Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) 3.5 Towards an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)? 3.6 ASEAN and East Asian regionalism 3.7 Conclusion 3.7.1 Summary overview 3.7.2 IPE theoretical analysis 4 APEC and Asia-Pacific trans-regionalism 59 64 73 79 79 79 81 85 86 88 91 102 104 109 110 110 111 117 4.1 East Asia and trans-regionalism in the Asia-Pacific 118 4.2 The emergence and early development of APEC 120 4.2.1 Constructing a Pacific economic community: early ideas and initiatives 120 4.2.2 The emergence of APEC 121 4.2.3 APEC raises its ambitions 124 4.3 East Asia and APEC's economic liberalisation agenda during the 1990s 125 4.3.1 East Asia and the EPG reports 125 4.3.2 The Individual Action Plan (IAP) and Manila Action Plan (MAPA) frameworks 126 4.3.3 The Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation (EVSL) debacle 127 4.3.4 Continued inertia on APEC trade liberalisation 132 4.4 The Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) initiative 134 4.5 East Asia, APEC and regional economic community-building 140 4.6 Conclusion 143 4.6.1 Summary overview 143 4.6.2 IPE theoretical analysis 144 5 ASEAN Plus Three and East Asia Summit: financial regionalism and beyond? 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Forming an East Asia regional grouping: precursory developments 5.3 The ASEAN Plus Three (APT) framework 149 150 150 153 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Pre-APT developments in East Asian regional financial co-operation 5.3.3 Early developments within the APT framework 5.3.4 The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) 5.3.5 The Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI) 5.3.6 The Asian Currency Unit (ACU) 5.3.7 Other aspects of APT regional co-operation 5.4 The East Asia Summit (EAS) framework 5.5 Conclusion 5.5.1 Summary overview 5.5.2 IPE theoretical analysis 6 Free Trade Agreements and East Asian regionalism 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The growth of FTA activity in East Asia 6.3 East Asia's bilateral FTAs and economic integration 6.3.1 The nature of Free Trade Agreements 6.3.2 FTA integration in East Asia 6.4 Towards an East Asia regional Free Trade Area or Agreement (EAFTA)? 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Bilateral FTAs help foster East Asian Regionalism: region-convergent perspectives 6.4.3 Bilateral FTAs destabilise East Asian regionalism: region-divergent perspectives 6.5 Conclusion 6.5.1 Summary overview 6.5.2 IPE theoretical analysis 7 Key transnational issues in East Asia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Haze in Southeast Asia: transboundary pollution in focus 7.2.1 What is 'haze'? 7.2.2 Causes and costs 7.2.3 ASEAN environmental co-operation and the haze issue 7.2.4 Future challenges of governance, capacity-building and regional co-operation 7.3 International migration in East Asia 7.3.1 The growth of international migration within the region 7.3.2 Causal factors 7.3.3 Government policies on international migration 7.3.4 International/regional co-operation and integration 7.4 Energy security in East Asia 7.4.1 Framing East Asia's energy security predicaments 153 153 155 156 161 164 165 169 176 176 177 183 184 185 196 196 197 201 201 201 211 221 221 222 227 228 228 228 230 232 234 237 237 242 247 249 250 250 7.4.2 Energy resources, production and consumption in East Asia 7.4.3 Diversifying sources of energy supply 7.4.4 Energy security conflicts: actual and future potential 7.4.5 Regional co-operation on energy 7.5 Conclusion 7.5.1 Summary overview 7.5.2 IPE theoretical analysis 8 Regionalism in East Asia: a new framework of analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 East Asian regionalism: different forms of its 'coherence' 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Associative coherence 8.2.3 Integrational coherence 8.2.4 Organisational coherence 8.2.5 Connections among the forms of coherence 8.3 The extra-dimensional nature of East Asian regionalism 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Geo-spatial dimensions of regionalism 8.3.3 Different extra-dimensional perspectives 8.4 Final comments REFERENCES INDEX 251 258 260 263 265 265 266 271 272 272 272 274 275 277 280 283 283 283 286 293 295 313