INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references and index

Digitized

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research Contents V 1 PREFACE PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND McCall as a Model 1 Disillusionment with Experimentation in Education 2 Evolutionary Perspective on Cumulative Wisdom and Science Factors Jeopardizing' Internal and External Validity 5 THREE PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 4 6 1. The One-Shot Case Study 6 2. The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 3. The Static-Group Comparison 12 THREE TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DES IGNS 7 13 4. The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design 13 Controls for Internal Validity 13 Factors Jeopardizing External Validity 16 Interaction of testing and X 18 Interaction of selection and X 19 20 Other interactions with X Reactive arrangements 20 Tests of Significance for Design 4 22 A wrong statistic in common use 22 Use of gain scores and analysis of covariance 23 Statistics for random assignment of intact classrooms to treatments 23 Statistics for internal validity 23 5. The Solomon Four-Group Design 24 Statistical Tests for Design 5 25 6. The Posttest-Only Control Group Design 25 The Statistics for Design 6 26 27 Interaction 27 Nested Classifications 29 Finite, Random, Fixed, and Mixed Models 31 Other Dimensions of Extension 31 Testing for Effects Extended in Time 31 Generalizing to Other Xs: Variability in the Execution of X Generalizing to Other Xs: Sequential Refinement of X and Novel Control Groups 33 Generalizing to Other Os 33 Factorial Designs QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 32 34 Some Preliminary Comments on the Theory of Experimentation 7. The Time-Series Experiment 37 34 Tests of Significance for the Time-Series Design 43 Tests of Significance for Design 8 45 9. The Equivalent Materials Design 46 Statistics for Design 9 47 8. The Equivalent Time-Samples Design 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 42 The Nonequivalent Control Group Design 4 7 Counterbalanced Designs 5 0 The Separate-Sample Pretest-Posttest Design 5 3 The Separate-Sample Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design The Multiple Time-Series Design 5 The Recurrent Institutional Cycle Design: A "Patched-Up" Design 57 16. Regression-Discontinuity Analysis 6 1 CORRELATIONAL AND Ex POST FACTO DESIGNS 5 64 Correlation and Causation 64 The Retrospective Pretest 66 Panel Studies 67 The Lazarsfeld Sixteenfold Table Ex Post Facto Analysis 70 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES SOME SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES NAME INDEX 68 71 71 77 79 SUBJECT INDEX 83 TABLES 1. Sources of Invalidity for Designs 1 through 6 8 2. Sources of Invalidity for Quasi-Experimental Designs 7 through 12 40 3. Sources of Invalidity for Quasi-Experimental Designs 13 through 16 56 FIGURES 1. Regression in the Prediction of Posttest Scores from Pretest, and Vice Versa 10 2. Some Possible Outcomes of a 3 x 3 Factorial Design 2 8 3. Some Possible Outcome Patterns from the Introduction of an Experimental Variable at Point X into a Time Series of Measurements, 01-08 38 4. Regression-discontinuity Analysis 62