INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references and index and glossary

Digitized

Social Psychology Contents PART 1. THEORIES, METHODS, AND ORIENTATION 1 1. Theories as Explanations of Social Behavior 3 I. Theories in social psychology 6 Il. How did Rasputin gain control over the Tsarina of Russia? 7 III. Psychoanalytic theory 11 IV. Role theory 16 V. Stimulus-response and social-learning theories 19 VI. Gestalt theory and cognitive theory 21 VII. Field theory 25 VIII. A comparison of theories 27 IX. The future of theories in social psychology 29 X. What do social psychologists do? 32 XI. Summary 32 2. Methods of Studying Social Behavior (By Stuart Oskamp) 35 The scientific method 36 Experimental research versus correlational research 42 Major methods of social-psychological research 45 Research problems in analyzing human products 57 Research problems in asking questions 58 Research problems in watching people 65 Research problems in manipulating conditions 67 Expectations for the future 73 Summary 74 PART 2. FORMING AND SUSTAINING RELATIONSHIPS 3. Social Perception: Forming Impressions of People 77 I. The need to predict and understand others 79 II. The future of our assumptions about human nature 92 III. Forming an impression of a specific person--like peeling an onion? 95 75 IV. The power of first impressions 98 V. The attribution of cause 100 VI. The accuracy of our judgments of others 104 VII. Future trends in the study of social perception 112 VIII. Summary 113 4. Impression Management (By Mark Snyder) 115 I. The nature of impression management 116 II. Self-presentation: The same person, just a different face? 118 III. In search of a "consistent" public image 121 IV. The quest for social approval 125 V. Ingratiation 128 VI. Impression management and social influence 134 VII. Self-disclosure: The private "I" goes public 138 VIII. Detecting impression management in others 140 IX. A time to reflect: Impression management and human nature 143 X. Summary 143 II. Affiliation as a response to anxiety 150 III. Waiting with others--Does it reduce anxiety? 154 IV. The determinants of emotional and motivational states 156 V. Attraction 161 VI. Love--The ultimate in affiliation? 169 VII. Summary 175 6. The Social Psychology of Sexual Behavior 177 I. The multitude of problems in studying sexual behavior 179 II. Sexual development and identity 181 III. Mistaken beliefs about sexual physiology and response 192 IV. Heterosexual behavior 196 V. Social influences on sexual behavior 204 VI. Summary 208 5. From Affiliation to Attraction to Love 147 I. Why do we want to be with others? 147 PART 3. BEHAVIOR TOWARD OTHERS 209 7. Aggression and Violence 211 VIII. Experimental attempts to control aggression 239 IX. Summary 240 I. Definitions of aggression 212 II. Pro-instinct positions and biological explanations of aggression 215 III. Aggression as a possibly innate response activated by frustration 218 IV. Prolearning positions 226 V. A recapitulation and attempt at resolution 229 VI. Violence and the mass media 230 VII. Collective violence in society-- Yesterday, today, and tomorrow 234 8. Moral Judgments and Behavior (By John O'Connor) 243 I. Conceptions of the development of morality in Western culture 244 II. Psychoanalytic explanations of moral development 245 III. Research in psychoanalysis 251 IV. A critique of the psychoanalytic approach to morality 254 V. Cognitive theories of moral development 254 VI. Research on cognitive approaches 264 VII. A critique of the cognitive approach 269 VIII. Social-learning theory IX. Morality research in social learning 271 X. A critique of social-learning approaches 273 XI. An attempt at integration XII. Summary 275 9. Prosocial Behavior: Cooperation and Helping (By Carol Sigelman) 277 I. The importance of prosocial behavior 279 II. Cooperation: Working for mutual benefit 283 III. Helping behavior: From handouts to heroism 287 IV. Toward a prosocial society 308 V. Summary 311 270 273 PART 4. ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE 313 10. Attitudes and Behavior: Prejudice and Discrimination 315 I. The nature of attitudes 316 II. Distinctions among Terms: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 322 III. The costs and extent of prejudice, discrimination, and racism 325 IV. The causes of prejudice and discrimination 332 V. Social distance: A result of perceived dissimilarity in beliefs? 337 VI. Attitudes as predictors of behavior 342 VII. Summary 348 12. Attitude Change: Outcomes389 I. What causes attitudes to change? 389 II. Effects of components of the persuasive communication 392 III. Reducing prejudice: The contact hypothesis 394 IV. Factors facilitating change in faceto-face contact 395 V. Bringing the beneficial factors together: Stuart Cook's study 397 VI. Why do some people change their attitudes when others do not? 405 VII. Summary 408 11. Theories of Attitude Change351 I. Attitude change and nonchange 352 II. Stimulus-response and reinforcement theories of attitude change 353 III. The social-judgment theory of attitude change 357 IV. Consistency theories of attitude change 364 V. Self-perception theory 379 VI. Functional theories of attitude change 382 VII. The future of theories of attitude change 385 VIII. Summary 386 13. Changing Society and Its Institutions 411 I. Pure science or applied science--Or both? 412 II. Kurt Lewin and action research 416 III. Social psychologists as change agents 418 IV. "Unplanned" social change 427 V. Examples of social change 432 VI. Youth and social change 435 VII. "Future shock" and the usefulness of utopias 439 VIII. Summary 443 PART 5. GROUP DIFFERENCES 445 14. The Social Psychology of Sex Roles (By Kay Deaux) 447 I. The question of heredity versus environment 448 Il. Sex differences in aptitude and personality 457 III. Perceptions of sex differences: The eye of the beholder 463 IV. Equality and the future 467 V. Summary 472 III. Interpretations of the findings 481 IV. Comparisons between Whites and races other than Black 495 V. Social-class similarities and differences 496 VI. The interpretation of social-class differences in intelligence 499 VII. A study of race and social class varied concurrently 504 VIII. Expectations for the future and a final caution 506 IX. Summary 507 15. Similarities and Differences among Races and Social Classes 475 I The concept of race 475 II. Racial differences in intelligence-test scores 479 PART 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND GROUP INFLUENCES 509 16. Interpersonal Behavior and the Physical Environment (By Eric Sundstrom) 511 I. Personal space and interpersonal distance 513 II. Territorial behavior 521 III. Environmental determination---Effects of physical arrangements on interactions 530 IV. Crowding: Too many people, not enough space 536 V. Summary 548 18. Authoritarianism, Obedience, and Repression in Our Society 581 I. Authoritarianism within the person 583 II. Destructive obedience--A behavioral analogue of authoritarianism? 594 III. Authoritarianism in our society 600 IV. Authoritarianism in the future 603 V. Summary 604 17. The Behavior of Groups 551 I. What is a group? 551 II. Do groups have effects beyond those of the individuals in them? 553 III. Qualities affecting the influence of groups 564 IV. T-groups and encounter groups 569 V. Communal groups 572 VI. Summary 579 19. Conformity and Social Influence 607 I. Definitions of conformity and related phenomena 608 II. Early procedures and findings in the study of conformity (compliance) 611 III. The extent of conformity 616 IV. Is there a conforming personality? 620 V. Is conformity increasing in our society? 624 VI. Unresolved issues in the study of conformity and nonconformity 627 VII. Other effects of social influence: Group risk taking and polarization 628 VIII. Hypnosis: Something more than simply social influence? 633 IX. Summary 634 III. Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership 648 IV. Leadership, organizational effectiveness, and assumptions about human nature 654 V. Summary 660 Glossary References 663 673 737 751 20. The Social Psychology of Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness 637 I. Early approaches to leadership--The search for distinguishing traits 637 II. Leadership as an influence on group functioning 643 Author Index Subject Index