INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references and index

Digitized

The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation Contents Preface .................................................................................................... v Introduction to Legal Citation and The Bluebook..................................... 1 Structure of The Bluebook............................................................. 1 General Principles of Citation........................................................ 2 Getting Started............................................................................... 2 The Bluepages: An Introduction to Basic Legal Citation B1 Use of Citation in Legal Writing.......................................................... 3 B2 Citation Sentences and Clauses ....................................................... 3 B3 The Elements of a Citation................................................................. 4 B4 Introductory Signals........................................................................... 4 B5 Sources and Authorities: Cases......................................................... 6 B6 Sources and Authorities: Statutes, Rules, and Regulations............... 13 B7 Sources and Authorities: Constitutions ............................................. 17 B8 Sources and Authorities: Books and Other Nonperiodic Materials . 17 B9 Sources and Authorities: Journal and Newspaper Articles .. 18 B10 Sources and Authorities: Court and Litigation Documents.................19 B11 Explanatory ParentheUcals .............................................................. 22 B12 Block Quotations ...............................................................................23 B13 Typeface Conventions....................................................................... 23 The Bluepages Tables BT.1 Court Documents..............................................................................25 BT.2 jurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules and Style. Guides...................... 27 Federal Courts .............................................................................27 StateCourts ................................................................................32 Territories..................................................................................... 43 Rules Rule 1 Structure and Use of Citations..................................................... 45 1.1 Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews......................... 45 1.2 Introductory Signals...................................................................... 46 1.3 Order of Signals ...........................................................................48 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal....................................... 48 1.5 Parenthetical Information..............................................................51 1.6 Related Authority.......................................................................... 52 Rule 2 Typefaces for Law Reviews......................................................... 54 2.1 Typeface Conventions for Citations.............................................. 54 2.2 Typeface Conventions for Textual Material.................................. 56 Rule 3 Subdivisions................................................................................. 58 3.1 Volumes, Parts, and Supplements................................................58 3.2 Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials.................59 3.3 Sections and Paragraphs............................................................. 61 3.4 Appended Material........................................................................63 3.5 Internal Cross-References............................................................63 Rule 4 Short Citation Forms ................................................................... 64 4.1 "Id."............................................................................................... 64 4.2 "Supra" and "Hereinafter"............................................................. 66 Rule 5 Quotations .................................................................................. 68 5.1 Formatting of Quotations ............................................................. 68 5.2 Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations................................. 69 5.3 Omissions.....................................................................................70 Rule 6 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols....................................72 6.1 Abbreviations................................................................................72 6.2 Numerals and Symbols................................................................ 73 Rule 7 Italicization for Style and in Certain Unique Circumstances....... 75 Rule 8 Capitalization...............................................................................76 Rule 9 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court........................78 Rule 10 Cases......................................................................................... 79 10.1 Basic Citation Forms.................................................................... 79 10.2 Case Names................................................................................ 81 10.2.1 Case Names in Textual Sentences .................................. 81 10.2.2 Case Names in Citations ..................................................86 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources ..................................................... 86 10.3.1 Parallel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite ................ 86 10.3.2 Reporters ......................................................................... 87 10.3.3 Public Domain Format ......................................................88 10.4 Court and Jurisdiction ................................................................. 89 10.5 Date or Year.................................................................................90 10.6 Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases.................................91 10.6.1 Weight of Authority............................................................91 10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations ...............92 10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals .................................................... 92 10.7 Prior and Subsequent History...................................................... 92 10.7.1 Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority...................93 10.7.2 Different Case Name on Appeal....................................... 94 10.8 Special Citation Forms ................................................................ 95 10.8.1 Pending and Unreported Cases........................................ 95 10.8.2 Fifth Circuit Split................................................................96 10.8.3 Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts................................ 96 10.9 Short Forms for Cases................................................................. 97 Rule 11 Constitutions .............................................................................. 100 Rule 12 Statutes....................................................................................... 101 12.1 Basic Citation Forms.................................................................... 101 12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form .............................................102 12.2.1 General Rule ....................................................................102 12.2.2 Exceptions ....................................................................... 103 12.3 Current Official and Unofficial Codes........................................... 104 12.3.1 Additional Information....................................................... 104 12.3.2 Year of Code ....................................................................105 12.4 Session Laws .............................................................................. 106 12.5 Secondary Sources...................................................................... 107 12.6 Invalidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History ................... 108 12.6.1 Invalidation .......................................................................108 12.6.2 Repeal ..............................................................................108 12.6.3 Amendment ......................................................................108 12.6.4 Prior History ..................................................................... 109 12.7 Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases ............................................109 12.8 Special Citation Forms ...............................................................109 12.8.1 Internal Revenue Code.................................................... 109 12.8.2 Ordinances ..................................................................... 110 12.8.3 Rules of Evidence and Procedure .................................. 110 12.8.4 Uniform Acts.................................................................... 111 12.8.5 Model Codes, Restatements, Standards, and Sentencing Guidelines .............................................. 111 12.8.6 ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and Opinions on Ethics 112 12.9 Short Forms for Statutes............................................................. 113 Rule 13 Legislative Materials ............................................................... 114 13.1 Basic Citation Forms...................................................................114 13.2 Bills and Resolutions................................................................... 115 13.3 Hearings .................................................................................... 116 13.4 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints .............................. 117 13.5 Debates...................................................................................... 118 13.6 Separately Bound Legislative Histories ..................................... 119 13.7 Short Forms for Legislative Materials......................................... 119 Rule 14 Administrative and Executive Materials................................ 120 14.1 Basic Citation Forms ..................................................................120 14.2 Rules, Regulations, and Other Publications................................ 121 14.3 Administrative Adjudications and Arbitrations............................. 122 14.3.1 Names............................................................................. 122 14.3.2 Which Sources to Cite .................................................... 123 14.3.3 Issuing Agency................................................................ 124 14.4 Advisory Opinions ...................................................................... 124 14.5 Federal Taxation Materials ........................................................ 124 14.5.1 Treasury Regulations ......................................................124 14.5.2 Treasury Determinations..................................................125 14.5.3 Cases...............................................................................126 14.6 SEC and Stock Exchange Materials .......................................... 126 14.7 Presidential Papers and Executive Orders ................................ 127 14.8 Court Administrative Orders ...................................................... 128 14.9 Patents........................................................................................ 128 14.10 Short Forms for Regulations....................................................... 128 Rule 15 Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials .............. 129 15.1 Author......................................................................................... 130 15.2 Editor or Translator..................................................................... 131 15.3 Title ............................................................................................ 132 15.4 Edition, Publisher, and Date ...................................................... 132 15.5 Shorter Works in Collection........................................................ 133 15.5.1 Works in Collection Generally..........................................133 15.5.2 Collected Documents.......................................................134 15.6 Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues.................... 134 15.7 Serial Number ............................................................................135 15.8 Special Citation Forms ............................................................... 135 15.9 Short Citation Forms .................................................................. 136 15.9.1 Short Forms for Works in Collection ..............................136 Rule 16 Periodical Materials................................................................. 138 16.1 Author.........................................................................................139 16.2 Title ........................................................................................... 139 16.3 Consecutively Paginated Journals ............................................ 140 16.4 Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines.............. 140 16.5 Newspapers............................................................................... 141 16.6 Special Citation Forms .............................................................. 142 16.6.1 Non-Student-Written Book Reviews ............................... 142 16.6.2 Student-Written Law Review Materials ...........................142 16.6.3 Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys.................................. 144 16.6.4 Commentaries and Other Special Designations.............. 144 16.6.5 Multipart Articles ............................................................. 144 16.6.6 Annotations..................................................................... 145 16.6.7 Proceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes, and ABA Section Reports ................................................ 145 16.6.8 Newsletters and Other Noncommercially Distributed Periodicals........................................................................ 146 16.7 Short Citation Forms ................................................................. 146 Rule 17 Unpublished and forthcoming Sources...................................... 147 17.1 Unpublished Materials ............................................................... 147 17.1.1 Manuscripts .................................................................... 147 17.1.2 Dissertations and Theses................................................ 148 17.1.3 Letters, Memoranda, and Press Releases...................... 148 17.1.4 Interviews ....................................................................... 148 17.1.5 Speeches and Addresses ...............................................149 17.2 Forthcoming Publications........................................................... 149 17.3 Working Papers.......................................................................... 150 17.4 Short Citation Forms ................................................................. 150 Rule 18 Electronic Media and Other Nonprint Resources ...................... 151 18.1 Commercial Electronic Databases ............................................ 151 18.1.1 Cases.............................................................................. 151 18.1.2 Constitutions and Statutes ............................................. 152 18.1.3 Legislative, Administrative, and Executive Materials.......152 18.1.4 Books, Periodicals, and Other Secondary Materials ...... 153 18.2 The Internet................................................................................ 153 18.2.1 General Principles .......................................................... 154 18.2.2 Parallel Citations to Internet Sources.............................. 155 18.2.3 Direct Citations to Internet Sources.................................156 18.2.4 E-Mail Correspondence and Online Postings..................158 18.3 CD-ROM.....................................................................................159 18.4 Microform................................................................................... 159 18.4.1 Microform Collections Reproducing PreexistingMaterials 159 18.4.2 Microform Collections Containing Original Materials ......159 18.5 Films, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials .......... 160 18.6 Audio Recordings....................................................................... 160 18.6.1 Commercial Recordings.................................................. 160 18.6.2 Noncommercial Recordings............................................ 160 18.7 Short Citation Forms ................................................................. 160 Rule 19 Services..................................................................................... 162 19.1 Citation Form for Services.......................................................... 162 19.2 Short Citation Forms ................................................................. 163 Rule 20 Foreign Materials..................................................................... 164 20.1 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context ....................................... 164 20.2 Non-English-Language Documents............................................ 164 20.2.1 Documents Appearing in More than One Language........ 164 20.2.2 Titles and Names of Documents in Languages Other than English........................................................... 164 20.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Other than English ............. 164 20.2.4 Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet.......... 165 20.2.5 Citations to Translations of Non-English-Language Documents ................................................................................. 165 20.3 Cases......................................................................................... 165 20.3.1 Common Law Cases........................................................ 165 20.3.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common-Law Cases................ 165 20.4 Constitutions ............................................................................. 166 20.5 Statutes...................................................................................... 166 20.5.1 Statutes in Common-Law Systems.................................. 166 20.5.2 Statutes in Civil-Law and Other Non-Common-Law Jurisdictions..................................................................... 166 20.6 Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals........................ 167 20.7 Short Citation Forms ................................................................. 167 Rule 21 International Materials............................................................ 168 21.1 Basic Citation Forms.................................................................. 168 21.2 Non-English-Language Documents........................................... 170 21.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context........................................ 170 21.4 Treaties and Other International Agreements............................ 170 21.4.1 Name of the Agreement................................................... 171 21.4.2 Parties to the Agreement................................................. 171 21.4.3 Subdivisions..................................................................... 172 21.4.4 Date of Signing................................................................. 172 21.4.5 Treaty Sources................................................................. 172 21.5 International Law Cases............................................................. 174 21.5.1 The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of International Justice (The World Court) .............174 21.5.2 European Union Courts.................................................... 175 21.5.3 European Court of Human Rights.................................... 177 21.5.4 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights................ 177 21.5.5 East African Court of Appeal............................................ 178 21.5.6 International Criminal Tribunals .......................................178 21.5.7 Other Multinational Courts ...............................................178 21.5.8 International Cases in National Courts............................. 178 21.6 International Arbitrations............................................................ 179 21.7 United Nations Sources.............................................................. 179 21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records..................................... 179 21.7.2 Resolutions...................................................................... 180 21.7.3 U.N. Reports.................................................................... 181 21.7.4 U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda............................. 182 21.7.5 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the U.N. .................. 182 21.7.6 Disfavored Sources for U.N. Materials ............................ 182 21.7.7 Sales Documents............................................................. 182 21.7.8 Mimeographed Documents.............................................. 183 21.7.9 Yearbooks and Periodicals...............................................183 21.7.10 Regional Organization Documents.................................. 183 21.7.11 U.N. Charter .................................................................... 183 21.8 Materials of Other Intergovernmental Organizations.................. 184 21.8.1 League of Nations Materials............................................. 184 21.8.2 European Union and European Community Materials...... 184 21.8.3 Council of Europe Materials ............................................. 187 21.8.4 World Trade Organization Materials ................................ 187 21.8.5 Other Intergovernmental Organizations Materials ........... 189 21.9 International Non-Governmental Organizations......................... 190 21.10 Yearbooks 190 21.11 Digests......................................................................................... 191 21.12 Short Citation Forms....................................................................191 Tables Table 1 United States Jurisdictions..................................................... 193 Federal.............................................................................................. 193 States and the District of Columbia................................................ 198 Alabama (AL) ............................................................................ 198 Alaska (AK)................................................................................ 198 Arizona (AZ)............................................................................... 199 Arkansas (AR)............................................................................ 199 California (CA)............................................................................ 200 Colorado (CO)............................................................................ 202 Connecticut (CT)........................................................................ 202 Delaware (DE) ........................................................................... 203 District of Columbia (DC)............................................................ 204 Florida (FL)................................................................................. 205 Georgia (GA).............................................................................. 206 Hawaii (HI)................................................................................. 206 Idaho (ID)................................................................................... 207 Illinois (IL) .................................................................................. 207 Indiana (IN)................................................................................ 208 Iowa (IA) .................................................................................... 209 Kansas (KS)............................................................................... 209 Kentucky (KY)............................................................................ 210 Louisiana (LA) ........................................................................... 211 Maine (ME) ................................................................................ 212 Maryland (MD)............................................................................ 212 Massachusetts (MA)................................................................... 214 Michigan (MI)............................................................................. 215 Minnesota (MN) ......................................................................... 215 Mississippi (MS)......................................................................... 216 Missouri (MO) ............................................................................ 216 Montana (MT)............................................................................. 217 Nebraska (NE) .......................................................................... 217 Nevada (NV) ............................................................................. 218 New Hampshire (NH)................................................................. 218 New Jersey (NJ) ........................................................................ 219 New Mexico (NM)....................................................................... 220 New York (NY) .......................................................................... 220 North Carolina (NC).................................................................... 224 North Dakota (ND)...................................................................... 225 Ohio (OH)................................................................................... 226 Oklahoma (OK) .......................................................................... 227 Oregon (OR) .............................................................................. 228 Pennsylvania (PA)...................................................................... 229 Rhode Island (RI)........................................................................ 230 South Carolina (SC).................................................................... 230 South Dakota (SD)...................................................................... 232 Tennessee (TN) ......................................................................... 232 Texas (TX).................................................................................. 233 Utah (UT).................................................................................... 236 Vermont (VT).............................................................................. 236 Virginia (VA) .............................................................................. 237 Washington (WA)....................................................................... 237 West Virginia (WV)..................................................................... 238 Wisconsin (WI)........................................................................... 238 Wyoming (WY)........................................................................... 239 Other United States Jurisdictions .................................................. 240 American Samoa........................................................................ 240 Canal Zone (CZ)......................................................................... 240 Guam (GU)................................................................................. 240 Navajo Nation............................................................................. 241 Northern Mariana Islands........................................................... 241 Oklahoma Native Americans...................................................... 242 Puerto Rico (PR)........................................................................ 242 Virgin Islands (VI)....................................................................... 242 Table 2 Foreign Jurisdictions................................................................ 243 Argentine Republic..................................................................... 243 Australia ..................................................................................... 244 Australian States and Territories.......................................246 Austria, Republic of .................................................................... 248 Austrian Lander.................................................................251 Brazil, Federative Republic of..................................................... 252 Canada....................................................................................... 254 Canadian Provinces and Territories .................................255 Catholic Church.......................................................................... 258 China, People's Republic of........................................................ 258 Czech Republic .......................................................................... 264 France, Republic of..................................................................... 265 Germany, Federal Republic of.................................................... 268 German Lander ................................................................ 271 Greece ....................................................................................... 273 Hong Kong.................................................................................. 275 Hungary, Republic of.................................................................. 277 India............................................................................................ 277 Iran, Islamic Republic of............................................................. 279 Ireland (Eire), Republic of........................................................... 282 Israel........................................................................................... 284 Italy, Republic of......................................................................... 285 Japan.......................................................................................... 287 Kenya......................................................................................... 290 Lebanon, Republic of.................................................................. 291 Mexico........................................................................................ 293 Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Holland) ......................................... 295 New Zealand................................................................................ 297 Nicaragua.....................................................................................298 Nigeria ......................................................................................... 300 Philippines.................................................................................... 301 Roman Law ................................................................................. 303 Russian Federation...................................................................... 304 South Africa.................................................................................. 308 Spain............................................................................................ 310 Sweden ....................................................................................... 311 Switzerland ..................................................................................314 Swiss Cantons ...................................................................317 Taiwan, Republic of China............................................................ 317 United Kingdom ........................................................................... 318 England and Wales .......................................................... 324 Northern Ireland (and Ireland until 1924)..........................327 Scotland ...........................................................................329 Zambia, Republic of...................................................................... 330 Table 3 Intergovernmental Organizations............................................ 332 United Nations.............................................................................. 332 League of Nations ....................................................................... 332 European Communities ............................................................... 332 European Court and Commission of Human Rights...................... 333 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ............................. 333 East African Court of Appeal.........................................................333 Table 4 Treaty Sources..........................................................................334 Table 5 Arbitral Reporters .................................................................... 335 Table 6 Case Names.............................................................................. 335 Table 7 Court Names............................................................................. 337 Table 8 Explanatory Phrases ............................................................... 340 Table 9 Legislative Documents............................................................. 341 Table10 Geographical Terms................................................................... 342 States, cities, and territories of the United States.......................... 342 Australian states and Canadian provinces and territories.............. 342 Foreign countries and regions ...................................................... 343 Table11 Judges and Officials................................................................... 348 Table 12 Months........................................................................................348 Table13 Periodicals................................................................................... 349 Table 14 Publishing Terms....................................................................... 373 Table 15 Services...................................................................................... 373 Table16 Subdivisions............................................................................... 378 Index.................................................................................................. 381