INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references and index

Digitized

Dilemmas of European Integration
The Ambiguities and Pitfalls
of Integration by Stealth
Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1 From Community to Diverse Union 1
1.1 The Manifold Path to European Integration 1
1.2 The Community Path3
1.3 The Treaties of Rome5
1.4 The Closing of the Foundational Period7
1.5 The Single European Act10
1.6 The Birth of the European Union13
1.7 Differentiated Integration Since Maastricht151.8 The Future of Enhanced Cooperation
Chapter 2 Integration and Democracy: the Big Trade-off23
2.1 An Apparent Paradox23
2.2 Category Mistakes24
2.3 'We the People'25
2.4 A Question of Standards28
2.5 The Argument by Analogy3o
2.6 The Road not Taken32
2.7 The Disjunction of Politics and Economics33
2.8 Democratic Deficit and Nonmajoritarian Institutions36
2.9 Reprise40
Chapter 3 The Community Method42
3.1 The Dilemma of Supranationalism42
3.2 The Classical Community Method44
3.3 The Community Method and Mixed Government46
3.4 The Erosion of the Community Method51
3.5 A Renewed Community Method?53
3.6 The Practical Case for Unanimity56
3.7 New Approaches to Governance59
Chapter 4 Delegation of Powers and the Fiduciary Principle64
4.1 Two Modes of Delegation64
4.2 Delegation of Powers to the European Institutions67
4.3 Incomplete Contracting and Treaty Amendment72
4.4 Delegation and Political Property Rights74
4.5 The Dual Nature of the European Commission78
4.6 Fiduciary Duties and Accountability79
Chapter 5 Institutional Balance Versus Institutional Innovation83
5.1 Delegating Rulemaking Powers83
5.2 Disciplining Agency Discretion85
5.3 Rulemaking in the EU88
5.4 The Debate on Independent European Agencies92
5.5 The New Framework93
5.6 The Limits of Partial Delegation96
5.7 Regulatory Reform99
5.8 Self-Regulation102
5.9 Standards as 'Club Goods'104
Chapter 6 Policy Dilemmas107
6.1 Confusing Means with Ends107
6.2 Integration versus Conservationiii
6.3 Chronicle of a Failure Foretold114
6.4 The Greening of Europe?117
6.5 Dilemmas of Risk Regulation124
6.5.1 An Ambivalent Principle1256.5.2 The Precautionary Principle and the WTO:
the Beef Hormones Case126
6.5.3 Conflicting Objectives128
6.5.4 Benchmarking131
6.5.4.1 Least-feasible-risk approach132
6.5.4.2 Significant-risk doctrine133
6.5.4.3 Balancing costs and benefits135
6.5.5 What Price Safety?136
Appendix: Regulatory Science, the Precautionary Principle,
and Decision Theory138
Chapter 7 Positive and Negative Integration143
7.1 Integration by Stealth143
7.2 Positive Integration and the Regulatory Model144
7.3 The Limits of Positive Integration147
7.4 The Obsolescence of the Functionalist Approach148
7.5 Positive Integration, Regulatory Competition, and 'Race
to the Bottom'151
7.6 The Positive Side of Negative Integration155
7.7 Positive and Negative Rights157
7.8 Back to Negative Integration?159
Chapter 8 Beyond Intergovemmentalism162
8.1 The Social Contract, Delegation, and Self-Government162
8.2 The Possibility of Self-Government165
8.3 The Stability and Growth Pact167
8.4 Transgovernmentalism as a Polycentric Process171
8.5 New Strategies of Commitment174
8.6 Complementary Approaches to Integration179
Chapter 9 International Economic Integration, the Nation-State,
and Democracy: An Impossible Trinity?181
9.1 The 'Diminished Democracy' Syndrome181
9.2 Shallow Versus Deep Integration185
9.3 Europe's Impossible Trinity187
9.4 Market-Preserving Federalism191
9.5 Democracy and its Transformations192
9.6 Transnational Constitutionalism195 9.7 Transnational Constitutionalism and the Third Transformation 198
Chapter10 The Future of the Union: Montesquieu Versus
Madison 202
10.1 Quo Vadis Europa? 202
10.2 A Federalist Bias 204
10.3 The Federalist Dilemma 206
10.4 The Confederal Option 209
10.5 Montesquieu's Confederate Republic 212
10.6 The Right to Secede 215
10.7 The Emerging Confederal Model for Collective Security 216
10.8 Conclusion: a Failed Federation, a Model Confederation 219
References 223
Index 233