INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references and index

Digitized

Geo-Business: GIS in the Digital Organization Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. GIS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY Business in the Digital Economy / 1 · The Rise in the Internet Platform for GIS / 2 · Spatial Data / 6 Case Study: Global Integrated Oil / 9 The Spatial Re-Evolution / 14 · Historical Antecedents / 14 · Coupling Technologies / 17 · Broadband as the Foundation for Web Services / 20 · Spatial Web Services / 21 · Open Source Software / 22 · Event-Driven Architecture / 23 The Spatial Industry / 24 Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and GIS / 31 Sperry Van Ness: Gaining Competitive Advantage from GIS / 32 Chapter Summary / 34 References / 34 xiii xix 1 2. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND GIS 38 Introduction / 38 Overview of Information Systems / 40 GIS: Concepts and Definitions / 43 · GIS Location and Coordinates / 46 · Map Layers and their Relationship to Attribute Tables / 48 · Spatial Analysis--What It Is and an Example / 49 Linkages to Other Disciplines / 51 Case Study: Baystate Health / 53 Understanding Spatial Data and Mapping / 54 · Digitizing / 55 · Scanning / 56 · Use of GPS / 56 · Satellite and Remote Sensing / 58 GIS Analysis / 58 · Spatial Analysis / 59 · Buffer Analysis / 61 · Map Overlay Functions / 61 · Proximity Analysis / 61 · Longitudinal Change Detection / 62 · Modeling and Forecasting / 62 · Statistical Analysis / 62 Example: Location Quotient Analysis for Siting I 62 National Spatial Data Infrastructures / 64 GeoWeb / 64 Future Trends in Spatial Technologies / 65 Chapter Summary / 66 References / 66 3. SUPPORTING BUSINESS DECISIONS 70 Introduction / 70 GIS to Support Decision-Making in Organizations / 71 Case Study of Spatial Decision-Making in a Large Personal/Corporate Bank / 79 · (1) Trade Area Analysis / 79 · (2) Market Demographics, Competitor Analysis, and Customer Satisfaction / 80 · (3) Branch-Related Campaigns / 80 · (4) LPCB Securities / 80 · (5) Mapping Support for Executives on Strategy / 80 Spatial Decision Support Systems / 81 · SDSS and Visualization / 82 · Prevalence of SDSS / 84 Spatial Business Intelligence Systems / 90 · WebFocus from Information Builders / 91 · Map Intelligence / 92 Case Study of Large Insurance Company / 93 Chapter Summary / 95 References / 95 4. ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS 99 Introduction / 99 GIS and Enterprise Resource Planning / 102 Case Study of ERP at Pidpa, Belgian Water Utility / 107 GIS and Customer Relationship Management / 110 · Site Evaluation Models / 114 · Distribution of Resources / 114 Chico's Case Study: GIS and CRM in a Customer-Centric Fashion Company / 115 GIS and Supply Chain Management / 118 Spatial Data Warehouses and Data Mining / 122 Case Study: Nesa, Danish Electrical Utility / 124 Chapter Summary / 129 References / 129 5. CUSTOMER-FACING GIS: WEB, E-COMMERCE, AND MOBILE SOLUTIONS 133 Introduction / 133 Architectural Approaches to Spatial Technologies / 134 · Client-Server / 134 · Web Services / 138 Consumer Web Services / 142 · Trulia.com / 145 · DataPlace.org / 145 Mobile Services / 147 · DS Waters / 149 · Seaspan International Ltd. / 152 Case Study: MotionBased Technologies / 154 E-Commerce / 155 · MasterCard / 157 · Zillow.com / 158 · Market Efficiency / 159 Standardization / 161 · Grid Computing / 165 Chapter Summary / 166 References / 167 6. SPATIAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 169 Introduction / 169 Systems Development for GIS / 170 Phases in Systems Development for GIS / 174 · The Planning Phase / 174 · The Analysis Phase / 176 · Design / 178 · The Implementation Phase / 184 · The Maintenance Phase / 185 Case Study Findings on Systems Development / 185 · Was Systems Development Done in-House or Mostly Outsourced? / 186 · If in-House, were Formal Phases Taken, or were Information Steps Followed? / 187 · What was the Composition of the Systems Development Project Team? / 187 · Was the Systems Development Approach Traditional or Object-Oriented? / 187 · Were there Differences by the Size of Company in the Approach Taken? / 187 Case Study: Engineering Systems / 190 Chapter Summary / 193 References / 194 7. THE VALUE OF INVESTING IN GIS 195 GIS and Geographic Information--Their Value / 195 Setting the Context for Cost-Benefit Analysis / 196 The Costs and Benefits of GIS / 199 · Costs / 199 · Benefits / 200 Prevalence of Costs and Benefits in Case Study Companies / 202 · Unit of Analysis / 207 The Substeps in Cost-Benefit Analysis from Systems Design Perspective / 208 Comparison of Costs and Benefits Over Time / 210 The Method of Discounted Cash Flow / 211 Comparison with a Criterion / 211 Intangible Costs and Benefits / 212 The Feasibility Decision / 213 Stakeholders and Externalities / 213 Case Study of GIS Costs and Benefits: Sears Roebuck / 214 The Productivity Paradox for GIS / 218 Chapter Summary / 219 Case Study: Norwich Union Unexpected Benefits of GIS / 220 Acknowledgments / 221 References / 222 8. MANAGING SPATIAL DATA 227 Introduction / 227 Introduction to Managing Spatial Data / 228 GIS, Spatial Data, and Relational Databases / 231 · Spatial Relational Data Model / 232 · Spatial Object-Oriented Data Model / 235 · Spatial Object-Relational Data Model / 238 · Oracle Spatial lOg / 239 · ESRI's Geodatabases / 243 Case Study of Enmax / 246 GIS and Data Warehouses / 248 · Definition / 248 · Historical Background / 249 · Fundamentals of the Data Warehouse / 249 · Key Applications of Spatial Data Warehouses / 254 · Future Directions in Data Warehouses / 255 Managing Data Quality / 256 Chapter Summary / 258 Acknowledgment / 258 References / 258 9. ORGANIZATIONAL AND INDUSTRY ASPECTS 261 GIS and the Organization / 262 GIS in Industry Areas / 264 Utilities / 267 Case Study of Southern Company / 278 Transportation / 280 Retail / 286 Chapter Summary / 292 References / 293 10. INDUSTRIES AND OUTSOURCING 295 Introduction / 295 Insurance / 296 Swiss Reinsurance Company / 298 Marketing/Geodemographics / 302 Banking and Finance / 311 Case Study of Large Credit Bank / 312 Agriculture / 314 Health Care / 317 Spatial Technologies and Outsourcing / 319 Kaiser Permanente / 321 Chapter Summary / 323 References / 324 11. ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SECURITY ISSUES OF SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES 327 Introduction / 327 Ethical Issues / 328 Privacy / 336 Legal Issues / 339 Case Study of Legal Aspects of Surveillance: Kyllo v. United States / 346 Crime and Security / 347 Chapter Summary / 350 References / 351 12. GIS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY 355 Strategic Vision for GIS and Establishing a Strategic Plan / 356 Theories of IT Alignment, Internet Strategy and Situational Analysis / 356 · IT Alignment / 357 · Internet Strategy / 359 · Situational Analysis / 360 Case Study: Norwich Union / 361 An Evolutionary Framework for Strategic GIS / 364 Findings of Case Study Analysis / 367 Case Findings for High Strategic Firms / 367 · Global Integrated Oil / 367 · MotionBased Technologies / 367 · Rand McNally / 368 · Sears Roebuck / 368 · Southern Company / 368 · Arizona Republic / 369 · Chico's / 369 · Lamar Advertising Company / 370 · Prudential Preferred Realty / 370 · MapGistics / 370 Case Findings for Medium Strategic Firms / 371 · Kaiser Permanente / 371 · Large Insurance Company / 371 · URS / 371 · Sperry Van Ness / 372 · Western Exterminator / 372 Case Findings for Low Strategic Firms / 372 · Large Personal/Corporate Bank / 372 · Large Credit Bank / 372 · Norwich Union / 373 · Baystate Health / 373 · Engineering Systems / 373 Summary of Findings / 374 Practical Advice to Managers on Strategies for GIS and Spatial Technologies / 377 · Matching the GIS Strategic Plan with the Corporate Strategic Plan and the Corporate IT Plan / 377 Case Study: Rand McNally / 378 The Future and Spatial Strategies in Enterprises / 381 Chapter Summary / 381 References / 383 INDEX 387