INSEAD Library

Includes bibliographical references

Digitized

Anthropology and Modern Life With a new introduction and afterword by Herbert S. Lewis Contents TRANSACTION INTRODUCTION PREFACE I. ix 7 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? Anthropology treats of man as a member of a racial or social group -- Pure and applied anthropology. 11 II. THE PROBLEM OF RACE 18 Significance of the term "Race" Overlapping of racial types --Subjective existence of types -- Racial heredity and family lines -- Inbred and heterogeneous types -- Attempts to determine constituent races of a population -- Selection -- Genetic differences between individuals of the same bodily form --Environmental influences upon bodily form -- Summary -- Races considered from an evolutionary viewpoint Relation between the size of the brain and intelligence Man as a domesticated form -- Physiological and mental differences between races -- Difficulty of distinguishing between hereditary and environmental conditions -- Significance of intelligence tests -- Tests of American Negroes Relative importance of cultural experience and racial descent -- Racial descent disregarded by ethnologists. III. THE INTERRELATION OF RACES Race consciousness -- Open and closed societies -- Race a type of closed society -- Intermingling of races -- Conditions under which race antipathies break down. 63 IV. NATIONALISM Confusion between the terms "Race" and "Nationality" --Racial segregation within a nation -- Mixed descent of European nations -- Language as basis of national groupings -- Nationality, political and cultural -- Culture and political organization as basis of nationality -- Fictitious groupings based on distant relation of speech -- History of nationalism -- Increase in size of political units -- Early development of tribal units -- The function of nationalism. 81 v. EUGENICS Effects of selection -- Effect of environment and heredity --General degeneracy -- Selection for development of specific qualities -- Social effects of eugenic legislation -- Elimination of the unfit Dangers of eugenic procedure. 106 vi. CRIMINOLOGY Criminals as a class -- Criminals as defectives -- Social conditions and crime -- Relative importance of hereditary and environmental factors. 122 STABILITY OF CULTURE Acceleration of cultural development -- Periodicity of the rate of change Automatic habits -- Negative effect of automatism -- Intolerance -- Causes of conformity -- Relation between material inventions and automatic habits The relation between language and thought -- Effect of uniformity of culture -- The influence of individuals upon culture -- Actions are more stable than their interpretations -- Stability of patterns of thought. 132 EDUCATION Phenomena of growth and development -- Influence of heredity -- Retardation and acceleration -- Comparison of sexes -- Application of generalized observations to the establishment of educational standards -- Racial characteristics -- Generalized standards are not applicable to individuals -- Cases in which standards are applicable Prediction of individual development -- Cultural effects of education -- Effect of education upon mental freedom -- Conflicts in educational aims -- Effect of education upon crises in the life of the individual -- The cultural outlook of classes -- Cultural outlook of educated class -- Cultural outlook of the masses. IX. MODERN 168 LIFE AND PRIMITIVE CULTURE Valuation of different cultural aims -- Objective study must be based on different cultures Anthropology an historic science --Primitive cultures as historic growths -- General social laws -- Prediction of development of culture impossible -- Progress in inventions and knowledge -- Effect of leisure -- Stability of moral ideas -- Progress in ethical behavior -- Selfperfection -- Progress in social organization -- Leadership -- Position of women -- Marriage -- Property -- Geographic determinism --Economic determinism -- Is the direction of cultural development predetermined? -- Culture not superorganic. 202 AFTERWORD REFERENCES 247 325