INSEAD Library

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Corporate Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Development within Organizations Contents SECTION I THE NATURE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ESTABLISHED COMPANIES I CHAPTER 1 CORPORATE EVOLUTION AND THE ENTREPRENEURIAL IMPERATIVE 3 Introduction 3 Traditional Management: Setting the Stage 4 How Companies Evolve: Internal Transformations 8 Changing Organizational Practices: Dealing with Crisis Points 11 Managing Ongoing Growth and Change 12 Turbulent Environments and the Need for a New Paradigm 14 The Entrepreneurial Imperative: A Persistent Sense of Urgency 16 Summary and Conclusions 18 CHAPTER 2 APPLYING ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO ESTABLISHED COMPANIES 21 Introduction 21 Defining Entrepreneurship 22 Dispelling the Myths and Sidestepping the Folklore 24 The Entrepreneurial Process 28 The Nature of Corporate Entrepreneurship 31 Summary and Conclusions 35 CONTENTS XVI CHAPTER 3 LEVELS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS: ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENSITY 39 Introduction 39 Exploring the Dimensions of Entrepreneurship 39 Combinations of the Dimensions: The Concept of Degree 45 Entrepreneurial Intensity: Combining Degree and Frequency of Entrepreneurship 48 Applying the Entrepreneurial Grid to Organizations 49 Applying the Grid at the Level of the Individual Manager 52 Things We Know and Don't Know about Entrepreneurial Intensity 53 Summary and Conclusions 56 CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN START-UP AND CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP 59 Introduction 59 Entrepreneurship Is Entrepreneurship: Understanding the Similarities 60 The Corporate Context: Identifying the Key Differences 62 The Political Factor 65 Implications of the Differences 66 The Forms Entrepreneurship Takes in Companies Summary and Conclusions 73 69 SECTION II ENTREPRENEURIAL VISION AND DIRECTION 75 CHAPTER 5 WHO IS THE CORPORATE ENTREPRENEUR? 77 Introduction 77 The Dark Side of Entrepreneurship 80 Motivating Entrepreneurial Behavior 83 Are Corporate Entrepreneurs Different? 84 Categories of Entrepreneurs 89 Myths about Corporate Entrepreneurs 90 Critical Roles in Corporate Entrepreneurship 91 The Importance of Sponsors 93 How Subordinates View the Entrepreneurial Manager 94 CONTENTS XVII The Entrepreneurial Mindset 95 A Final Thought: Are You a Corporate Entrepreneur? 98 Summary and Conclusions 100 CHAPTER 6 CREATIVITY AND THE CORPORATE ENTREPRENEUR 103 Introduction 103 Defining Creativity in a Company 104 The Creative Process 105 The Creative Blocks 108 The Creative Employee: Problem-Solving Styles 110 The Need for Friction 113 Creativity Techniques and Creative Quality 114 Summary and Conclusions 116 CHAPTER 7 PRODUCT INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CORPORATION 121 Introduction 121 Innovation Creates Dilemmas 122 Types of Innovation and the Risk Factor 124 Winners: Companies that Innovate Well 126 Approaches to Innovation: The Process 129 Approaches to Innovation: Structures to Support Projects The Need for a Champions Program 133 Technology-Push versus Market-Pull 134 Innovation Strategy and the Innovation Portfolio 136 Setting Innovation Goals and Measuring Innovation Performance 139 Technology and Entrepreneurial Opportunity 142 Technology Limits and Platforms 143 Summary and Conclusions 145 CHAPTER 8 CORPORATE STRATEGY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 149 131 Introduction 149 The Changing Landscape 150 Does the Dominant Logic Fit the Competitive Landscape? 152 CONTENTS XVIII The Role of Strategic Management and Corporate Strategy 153 Integrating Entrepreneurship with Strategy 154 Key Strategic Concepts: Entrepreneurship as the Driver 156 Entrepreneurial Strategy: Some Contributing Factors 161 Matching Strategy with Structure: The Value of Venture Teams 164 Another Look at Strategy and Structure: The Acordia Companies 166 Implementation Issues: Fatal Visions 167 Summary and Conclusions 168 CHAPTER 9 UNDERSTANDING THE OBSTACLES TO CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP 171 Introduction 171 A Framework for Understanding the Obstacles 172 More on the People Factor 177 Related Limitations that Constrain the Entrepreneur 178 Overcoming the Obstacles and Limitations 183 Focusing on the Right Obstacles at the Right Time 186 Summary and Conclusions 187 SECTION III DEVELOPING AN ENVIRONMENT TO SUPPORT ENTREPRENEURSHIP 189 CHAPTER 10 STRUCTURING THE COMPANY FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP 191 Introduction 191 The Components of Structure 192 How Structures Evolve 193 Types of Structures: Link to an Entrepreneurial Strategy 195 An Entrepreneurial Structure and the Concept of Cycling 203 Circles Instead of Hierarchy 207 Entrepreneurial Projects: Structures within Structures 210 Summary and Conclusions 212 CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER 11 CONTROL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY 215 Introduction 215 The Nature of Control in Organizations 216 Organizations Out of Control: A Story of Unintended Consequences 217 Dimensions of Control and Entrepreneurship 220 The Entrepreneurial Philosophy of Control 221 The Concepts of Slack and Internal Venture Capital 225 Control and Costs: The Open Book Revolution 227 The Concept of Profit Pools 229 Summary and Conclusions 231 CHAPTER 12 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 235 Introduction 235 Creating the Work Environment 236 What is Human Resource Management 236 HRM Policies and Entrepreneurship 238 Motivation and the Critical Role Played by Reward Systems 243 Summary and Conclusions 248 CHAPTER 13 DEVELOPING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE 253 Introduction 253 The Nature of Culture in Organizations 253 The Pieces and Parts of Culture 254 Core Ideology and the Envisioned Future 257 Generic Culture Types 258 Elements of an Entepreneurial Culture 260 Entrepreneurial Leadership through Culture: The Cintas Corporation 263 Exploring a Key Value: Individualism 265 A Different View of Failure 267 Summary and Conclusions 269 CONTENTS X X SECTION IV ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND THE FUTURE 273 CHAPTER 14 PLANNING AND MEASURING THE ORGANIZATION'S ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY 275 Introduction 275 Developing the Entrepreneurial Plan 275 Assessing the Corporate Entrepreneurial Project 278 The Importance of Organizational-Level Measurement and Assessment 288 Methods of Measuring Entrepreneurial Activity 290 Developing a Continuous Entrepreneurial Process 299 Summary and Conclusions 301 CHAPTER 15 ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS 305 Introduction 305 Perspectives from Public Administration 306 Revisiting Core Concepts of Entrepreneurship 307 Application of These Core Concepts to the Public Sector 308 Unique Characteristics of Public Sector Organizations 311 Is Public Sector Entrepreneurship Really Viable 313 Perspectives from Public Sector Managers 317 How to Get There 320 Summary and Conclusions 324 CHAPTER 16 SUSTAINING ENTREPRENEURSHIP TODAY AND TOMORROW 331 Introduction 331 Developing a Personal Approach to the Entrepreneurial Process 332 Companies Need to Manage the Triggering Events 336 Creating a Sense of Urgency 339 Different Approaches to Research and Experimentation 342 Learning that Never Stops 346 Organizations Designed Around Paradoxes 349 Domains, Portfolios, and a Cycle of Revolution 351 Summary and Conclusions 354