INSEAD Library

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Nature and Nation Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia Contents Preface and Acknowledgements ... xii Glossary ... xv Abbreviations ... xxi Note on Spelling, Terminology, Measurements and Currencies ... xxvii Preamble: Forests and Development ... xxix Development and Environmental Change · Attitudes to Nature and Forest Use · State, Forestry and Civil Society · Structure and Content Introduction: Nature, Culture and State ... 1 The Rain Forest Environment · Co-opting Nature · Nature and Culture · Forests and Livelihoods · New Market Forces · Culture and Knowledge Part I: Colonial Adventure and Tropical Resource, 1786-1900 1. Tropical Nature and the Imperial Design, 1786-1874 ... 27 Pioneer Botanical Exploration · Paradise Regained · Taming the Wilderness · The Turning Tide · The Beginnings of Colonial Conservation · New Opportunities, New Values · Towards Forestry 2. Forests in the Pioneer Era, 1874­ c.1900: Boon or Bane? ... 58 The Commodification of Forests · Pioneer Conservation · El Nino and Shifting Cultivation · Taming the Landscape · Forest Administration and the GuttaPercha Crisis · Towards Professional Forestry Part II: Forestry and State Formation, 1901-41 3. Appropriating the Forest, 1901-41 ... 87 Tools of Appropriation · The Malayan Forester · Control over Economic Species · Towards Sustainability · Co-opting the Chinese Timber Industry · The Enigma of Planned Production · The Implications of Decentralization 4. Segmented Space and Livelihoods ... 125 Forest Law and the Rural Invasion · Forestry and the Forest People · Failing Strategies of Survival · Extending the Colonial Domain 5. Reconciling Conflicting Claims ... 149 The Implications of Plantation Agriculture · Mining and the Scramble for the Lowlands · Invading the Hills Nature and Nation · viii Part III: The Emergence of a Conservation Ethic, Pre-World War II 6. Nature, Ecology and Conservation ... 165 Nature and Imperial Science · Ecology and Conservation · Ecology and Economy · Defining New Ecological and Social Perimeters 7. Linking Nature and Nation ... 189 Hunting · Man or Beast? · Wildlife Protection and the National Park · Nature and Nation Part IV: Forest Use and Abuse, 1942-69 8. The Seminal Years of Forest Politics, 1942-56 ... 229 Forests for the War · The Japanese Industrial Thrust · Forest Refuge · Forests and Radicalism · Issues of Land Use · Social Engineering · Technical Revolution · Malay Aspirations 9. Development at a Price: 1957-69 ... 265 An Aborted Policy · Crisis of the Rural Landless · Boom or Bust? · Science, Development and Forestry · Education and the Public Conscience · Towards Multi-Purpose Parks and Reserves · Reinventing Eden Part V: Reconciling Nature and Nation, 1970-1980s 10. Development and Environmentalism ... 307 The New Environmental Age · The Seminal Year, 1972 · Environmental Policy: Real or Notional? · Going Only Half Way · NGOs and Public Protest 11. Integrating Biodiversity with Development: Myth or Reality? ... 337 Multi-Purpose Parks and Reserves · Biodiversity in Tension with Development · Malaysia and the Tropical Forest Action Plan · In the Grip of Green Gold · Managing Multi-Purpose Forests · State Intransigence Part VI: National Resource, Global Heritage, 1984-2000 12. The Politics of Resource ... 365 Malaysia and the Global Environmental Agenda · The North­South Divide · Federal­State Tensions · Trade Liberalization and Sustainable Production 13. Domestic Response to the New International Order: Rio and After ... 392 Policy and Practice · The Conundrum of Sustainable Management · An Integrated Management Initiative · Over the Top · Law, Ethics and Accountability Conclusion: Nature for Nation ... 415 Forestry and Development · Government and Environmentalism · New Uses, New Values · Poorer but Wiser? Contents · ix Appendices 1. Forest Area, Peninsular Malaysia, 1946-2000 ... 429 2. Forest Area, Timber and Revenue Extracted, 1946-2000 ... 430 3. Population Compared to Forest Area, 1891-2006 ... 431 4. Forest and Forest-Related Domestic Policies, Legislation and International Agreements ... 432 5. Annual Average Southern [ENSO] Oscillation Index, 1880-1990 ... 433 Bibliography ... 435 Index ... 475